It should be obvious from my last several posts — if it hadn’t
been already over many years of posts! — that I love digging into old archives
and ephemera. Thus occupied, I came across something rather interesting: a page
of advertisements in which two of Tolkien’s grandparents, one on either side of
his family, both advertise their respective wares on the same page, some twenty
years before their children would marry and the Tolkien we know today would be
born. [1]
At the top right, John Benjamin Tolkien — Tolkien’s father’s father — advertises pianos at 87 New Street, near the Town Hall. The door to the Town Hall is still visible today, more than 150 years later. The ad promises that “excellence of touch and tone characterises these Instruments, which, considering their high-class character, are a Marvel of Cheapness”. He also tuned pianos and sold music, but his business would go bust in 1877, less than five years from the date of this advertisement.
Then, in the middle the left-hand column, John Suffield —
Tolkien’s mother’s father — flogs his wares — hoses, gloves, lace, collars,
ties, undergarments, and more — at 107–109 Bull Street, less than a half-mile
walk away from Tolkien’s shop. The Suffields had done business here since 1812.
First, a stationery shop run by Tolkien’s great-great-grandfather, William
Suffield; then, a drapery and hosiery from 1826, run first by Tolkien’s great-grandfather,
John Suffield, and then his son, also named John. The latter Suffield was successful
and prosperous until his business too collapsed in 1886, about 13 years after the
date of this advertisement.
An interesting piece of ephemera, wouldn’t you say? I suppose it’s really not so unlikely a coincidence to find two prominent, well-established businessmen in Birmingham on the same page sooner or later, both unknowingly drawing near the end of their trade. Suffield’s daughter, Mabel, was two years old at the time, while Tolkien’s son, Arthur, was already fifteen. They would marry about 19 years later. It’s a peculiar moment in time, totally unremarkable then, but seen in hindsight it’s almost as if Birmingham were holding its breath, awaiting the arrival of greatness, with two parties to it, totally unbeknown, sharing a page. They would eventually share a grandson, who would go on to fill many, many pages of his own.
Too dramatic? Well, what can I say? It’s in my nature. :)
[1] King Edward’s School Chronicle. No. 9, December 18, 1872, p. 87.
Interesting that old J.B. should tout his pianos as "a marvel of cheapness." In more recent usage, "cheap" meaning "inexpensive" is an Americanism, whereas my understanding is that in British usage "cheap" means or meant "of poor quality." Perhaps that distinction had not yet arisen, or perhaps it helps explain why J.B. went out of business.
ReplyDeleteIt doesn't seem like it connoted poor quality at that time, though it certainly came to mean that later. I find the phrase, "a marvel of cheapness", used often in praise around that time. For example, in "Press and Other Opinions on the Falstaff Shakespeare" in 1896, the phrase was used by three different newspapers, seemingly as a compliment. The Newcastle Daily Chronicle went further, calling it "the cheapest book ever sold for money" in the same review where they said it was "as big as a family Bible" and an "impressive reprint". Around the same time (1885), I found an advertisement for stationery calling it both "a marvel of cheapness" at "one shilling five quires" and "well finished, carefully bordered, good surface". The phrase seems to have meant something like budget, but good quality.
DeleteOne possible scenario is that too many goods advertised as being "cheap," with the implication of good quality, but which turned out after purchase not to be of such good quality after all, led to a cynical cheapening (sorry) of the word. This sort of change has happened with other words. If American advertisers were less likely to use the phrase, that might explain why the change in meaning didn't arise there.
DeleteA "cheap" was originally just a shop, and the vocational surname, Chapman, was a trader, someone who sold goods. Cheapside was originally a square with lots of shops doing brisk business.
DeleteA quick consultation of a couple sources suggests "cheap" started to mean inexpensive, economical after the 1850s and to imply poor quality (or even deliberate deceit, cf. a "cheap trick") after 1900. Thus, the usage I've quoted above comes likely from the waning days of positive connotation. So ultimately, I think your hypothesis is correct.